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The Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517) is the Eighteenth Ecumenical Council to be recognized by the Roman Catholic Church and the last one before the Protestant Reformation. ==Background== When elected pope in 1503, Pope Julius II promised under oath to convoke a general council; however, as time passed, his promise was not fulfilled. The Republic of Venice had encroached papal rights in Venetian territories by filling vacant episcopal sees independent of the pope, subjected clergy to secular tribunals, and disregarded the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Julius II in other ways. In 1509, Julius II joined the League of Cambrai, a coalition to restore recent continental conquests by Venice to their original owners. Then, also in 1509, Julius II censured Venice with an interdict and deployed Papal States' armies into Venice occupied Romagna. Venice suffered a complete defeat at the Battle of Agnadello on 14 May, 1509, against the combined forces of the League of Cambrai. In 1510, Venice negotiated with Julius II, who withdrew from the League of Cambrai and removed the censure, after Venice agreed to, among other terms: to return disputed towns in Romagna; to renounce their claims to fill vacant benefices; to acknowledge jurisdiction of ecclesiastical tribunals over clergy and immunities of the clergy, including exemption from taxes; to revoke all unauthorized treaties made with towns in the Papal States; to abandon appeal to a future general council against the papal bans; and to concede free navigation of the Adriatic Sea to Papal States subjects. The first stages of conflict between the Papal States and France began in 1510. King Louis XII of France demanded that the Republic of Florence should definitely declare its allegiance. Declaring allegiance to France would expose Florence to an immediate attack and alienate citizens who dreaded a conflict with the head of the Church. Florence was full of antagonistic parties and irreconcilable interests; in order to gain time, it sent Niccolò Machiavelli on a diplomatic mission to France in July 1510, where he found Louis XII eager for war and inclined towards the idea of a general council to depose Julius II. Julius II was a soldier and his goal was to free the entire Italian Peninsula from subjection by foreign powers. But, only Venice and the Old Swiss Confederacy were ready to field armies against the French. Julius II began hostilities by deposing and excommunicating his vassal, Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, who supported France. Louis XII retaliated by convoking a synod of French bishops, at Tours in September 1510, which judged that the pope had no right to make war upon a foreign prince, and, in case he should undertake such a war, the foreign prince had the right to invade the Papal States and to withdraw his subjects from their obedience to the pope. The synod also threatened Julius II with a general council. Julius II ignored the French synod, and again assumed personal command of the army in Northern Italy. At Bologna he became dangerously ill in August 1510, but recovered. In October he negotiated an anti-French alliance. In the beginning the alliance included only the Papal States, Venice, and Spain, but England joined in November, and was soon followed by the emperor and by Switzerland. Papal States marched against Mirandola which was captured on 20 January, 1511. On 23 May, 1511, contingents of the French army captured Bologna from the papal troops and reinstated Annibale II Bentivoglio. Under the leadership of Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours, the French were at first successful, but after his death they yielded to the superior forces of the League, and, after being defeated in the Battle of Ravenna in 1512, they retreated beyond the Alps. Bologna again submitted to Julius II and the cities of Parma, Reggio, and Piacenza were added to the Papal States. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fifth Council of the Lateran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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